On September 18, 2023, the General Department of Taxation issued Decision No. 1388/QD-TCT applying risk management in classifying Value Added Tax (VAT) refund files and selecting taxpayers to develop a plan for post-refund inspection and audit. Accordingly, in Article 6 of the Decision, the criteria index for classifying VAT refund files and selecting taxpayers with […]

The League of Nations introduced a concise model text on the Most Favored Nation (MFN) principle in 1933, comprising approximately 300 words. However, the global economic crisis of 1929-1933 hindered widespread adoption of this principle. The onset of World War II nearly obliterated the MFN concept entirely. In the post-war era, however, the principle experienced […]

The Incoterm CIP, (Carriage and Insurance Paid to), is an international trade term that states that the seller is responsible for arranging and paying for the carriage and insurance of the goods to a specified destination. Although the seller is responsible for the organization and costs of transport and insurance, it is important to note […]

In the increasingly interconnected global economy, international commercial law plays a crucial role in facilitating and regulating cross-border trade and business transactions. Among the various sources of this body of law, international treaties stand out as a fundamental pillar, providing a framework for harmonized rules and practices across different jurisdictions. International treaties, also known as […]

National law’s influence on international commercial law stems from the fundamental principle of state sovereignty. Each country has the right to regulate commercial activities within its borders, and these regulations inevitably impact international transactions. This principle creates a challenging environment for businesses operating across national boundaries. One of the most significant ways national laws contribute […]