The bona fide (good faith) principle is a cornerstone of international law, influencing various legal instruments, treaty interpretations, and arbitration proceedings. It serves as a fundamental guideline ensuring fairness, honesty, and reciprocity in legal relations. This article explores the role of the bona fide principle in international investment law, its application in arbitration, and its […]
I. The Context of Climate Change Climate change and its consequences have become one of the most pressing global challenges. In recent years, the world has been facing increasingly severe climate change impacts, with extreme weather events occurring at an unprecedented scale. These events, such as rising global temperatures, typhoons, floods, and prolonged droughts, not […]
1. What is Custom and International Customary Law? 1.1. Custom Custom refers to social norms that coexist with other social rules, such as laws, ethics, and religious beliefs, to regulate human behavior in social interactions. As a social norm, custom plays a crucial role in governing social relationships, particularly in civil relations. According to Article […]
1. Introduction Judicial immunity is a fundamental principle in international law that exempts sovereign states from the jurisdiction of foreign courts. This doctrine is rooted in the principles of state sovereignty and equality, ensuring that no state is subject to the legal authority of another without consent. Over time, judicial immunity has evolved from absolute […]
The underwriting of securities issuance plays a vital role in the financial market, facilitating capital mobilization for organizations. This article explores the concept of securities underwriting, the conditions required to perform this function, and the relevant regulations governing the process. 1. What is Securities Underwriting? According to Clause 31, Article 4 of the 2019 Securities […]
In the context of employment law, managing employee absences is crucial for maintaining workplace efficiency and compliance with legal regulations. This article addresses the legal implications when an employee is absent for five consecutive working days without justification, as well as the rights and responsibilities of both employers and employees in such situations. According to […]