I. Introduction In commercial transactions, ensuring the fulfillment of obligations by the parties plays a pivotal role in reducing risks and enhancing trust. Two commonly used methods in Vietnam are bank guarantees and asset mortgages. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages regarding legal framework, enforcement efficiency, and costs, which directly impact business operations. […]
In international commerce, construction, and financing transactions, guarantees play a critical role in managing risk and securing performance. Two commonly used forms are the on-demand guarantee and the conditional guarantee. While both serve to assure one party that the other will fulfill their obligations—or face financial consequences—their legal nature, enforceability, and risk allocation differ significantly. […]